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Vlad's father, The expression Dracula, which is now primarily known as the name of a fictional, was for centuries known as the of Vlad III. Diplomatic reports and popular stories referred to him as Dracula, Dracuglia, or Drakula already in the 15th century. He himself signed his two letters as 'Dragulya' or 'Drakulya' in the late 1470s. His name had its origin in the sobriquet of his father, ('Vlad the Dragon' in ), who received it after he became a member of the. Dracula is the of Dracul, meaning 'the son of Dracul (or the Dragon)'. In modern Romanian, dracul means 'the devil', which contributed to Vlad's reputation.
Vlad III is known as Vlad Țepeș (or Vlad the Impaler) in Romanian historiography. This sobriquet is connected to the that was his favorite method of execution. The Ottoman writer referred to him as Kazıklı (Impaler Lord) around 1500., Voivode of Wallachia, used this sobriquet when referring to Vlad III in a letter of grant on 1 April 1551. Early life Vlad was the second legitimate son of, who was an illegitimate son of.
Vlad II had won the moniker 'Dracul' for his membership in the, a militant fraternity founded. The Order of the Dragon was dedicated to halting the Ottoman advance into.
As he was old enough to be a candidate to the throne of Wallachia in 1448, his time of birth would have been between 1428 and 1431. Vlad was most probably born after his father settled in in 1429.
Historian writes that Vlad was born in the town of (then in the ), where his father lived in a three- stone house from 1431 to 1435. Modern historians identify Vlad's mother either as a daughter or a kinswoman of, or as his father's unknown first wife. — Vlad's letter to the councilors of In exile Vlad first settled in in the after his fall. Not long after, he moved to, where (his father's brother-in-law and possibly his maternal uncle) had mounted the throne with John Hunyadi's support in the autumn of 1449.
After Bogdan was murdered by in October 1451, Bogdan's son, fled to Transylvania with Vlad to seek assistance from Hunyadi. However, Hunyadi concluded a three-year truce with the Ottoman Empire on 20 November 1451, acknowledging the Wallachian boyars' right to elect the successor of Vladislav II if he died.
Vlad allegedly wanted to settle in Brașov (which was a center of the Wallachian boyars expelled by Vladislaus II), but Hunyadi forbade the burghers to give shelter to him on 6 February 1452. Vlad returned to Moldavia where had dethroned Peter Aaron. The events of his life during the years that followed are unknown. He must have returned to Hungary before 3 July 1456, because on that day Hunyadi informed the townspeople of Brașov that he had tasked Vlad with the defence of the Transylvanian border.
Second rule Consolidation. Ruins of the Princely Court in The circumstances and the date of Vlad's return to Wallachia are uncertain. He invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support either in April, July, or in August 1456.
Vladislav II died during the invasion. Vlad sent his first extant letter as to the burghers of Brașov on 10 September. He promised to protect them in case of an Ottoman invasion of Transylvania, but he also sought their assistance if the Ottomans occupied Wallachia. In the same letter, he stated that 'when a man or a prince is strong and powerful he can make peace as he wants to; but when he is weak, a stronger one will come and do what he wants to him', showing his authoritarian personality. Multiple sources (including 's chronicle) recorded that hundreds or thousands of people were executed at Vlad's order at the beginning of his reign.
He began a purge against the boyars who had participated in the murder of his father and elder brother, or whom he suspected of plotting against him. Chalkokondyles stated that Vlad 'quickly effected a great change and utterly revolutionized the affairs of Wallachia' through granting the 'money, property, and other goods' of his victims to his retainers. The lists of the members of the princely council during Vlad's reign also show that only two of them (Voico Dobrița and Iova) were able to retain their positions between 1457 and 1461. Conflict with the Saxons Vlad sent the customary tribute to the sultan. After John Hunyadi died on 11 August 1456, his elder son, became the captain-general of Hungary.
He accused Vlad of having 'no intention of remaining faithful' to the king of Hungary in a letter to the burghers of Brașov, also ordering them to support Vladislaus II's brother, against Vlad. The burghers of supported another pretender, 'a priest of the Romanians who calls himself a Prince's son'. The latter (identified as Vlad's illegitimate brother, ) took possession of, which had customarily been held by the rulers of Wallachia in Transylvania. The, who invaded Wallachia during Vlad's reign (who served as a in the sultan's army) recorded that Vlad refused to pay homage to the sultan in an unspecified year. The Renaissance historian Giovanni Maria degli Angiolelli likewise wrote that Vlad had failed to pay tribute to the sultan for three years. Both records suggest that Vlad ignored the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, already in 1459, but both works were written decades after the events. (a secretary in the sultan's court) stated that Vlad only turned against the Ottoman Empire when the sultan 'was away on the long expedition in ' in 1461.
According to Tursun Beg, Vlad started new negotiations with Matthias Corvinus, but the sultan was soon informed by his spies. Mehmed sent his envoy, the Greek Thomas Katabolinos (also known as Yunus bey), to Wallachia, ordering Vlad to come to Constantinople. He also sent secret instructions to Hamza, to capture Vlad after he crossed the Danube. Vlad found out the sultan's 'deceit and trickery', captured Hamza and Katabolinos, and had them executed.
After the execution of the Ottoman officials, Vlad gave orders in fluent Turkish to the commander of the fortress of Giurgiu to open the gates, enabling the Wallachian soldiers to break in the fortress and capture it. He invaded the Ottoman Empire, devastating the villages along the Danube. He informed Matthias Corvinus about the military action in a letter on 11 February 1462. He stated that more than '23,884 Turks and Bulgarians' had been killed at his order during the campaign.
He sought military assistance from Corvinus, declaring that he had broken the peace with the sultan 'for the honor' of the king and the and 'for the preservation of Christianity and the strengthening of the Catholic faith'. The relationship between Moldavia and Wallachia had become tense by 1462, according to a letter of the governor of. Having learnt of Vlad's invasion, Mehmed II raised an army of more than 150,000 strong, that was said to be 'second in size only to the one' that, according to Chalkokondyles. The size of the army suggests that the sultan wanted to occupy Wallachia, according to a number of historians (including, Radu Florescu, and Nicolae Stoicescu). On the other hand, Mehmed had granted Wallachia to Vlad's brother, Radu, before the invasion of Wallachia, showing that the sultan's principal purpose was only the change of the ruler of Wallachia. —: The Histories Tursun Beg recorded that the Ottomans suffered from summer heat and thirst during the campaign.
The sultan decided to retreat from Wallachia and marched towards. Stephen III of Moldavia hurried to Chilia (now in Ukraine) to seize the important fortress where a Hungarian garrison had been placed.
Vlad also departed for Chilia, but left behind a troop of 6,000 strong to try to hinder the march of the sultan's army, but the Ottomans defeated the Wallachians. Stephen of Moldavia was wounded during the siege of Chilia and returned to Moldavia before Vlad came to the fortress.
The main Ottoman army left Wallachia, but Vlad's brother Radu and his Ottoman troops stayed behind in the. Radu sent messengers to the Wallachians, reminding them that the sultan could again invade their country. Although Vlad defeated Radu and his Ottoman allies in two battles during the following months, more and more Wallachians deserted to Radu.
Vlad withdrew to the Carpathian Mountains, hoping that Matthias Corvinus would help him regain his throne. However, Albert of Istenmező, the deputy of the, had recommended in mid-August that the Saxons recognize Radu. Radu also made an offer to the burghers of Brașov to confirm their commercial privileges and pay them a compensation of 15,000 ducats. Imprisonment in Hungary.
1499 German woodcut showing Dracule waide dining among the impaled corpses of his victims Works containing the stories about Vlad's cruelty were published in in the Holy Roman Empire before 1480. The stories were allegedly written in the early 1460s, because they describe Vlad's campaign across the Danube in early 1462, but they do not refer to Mehmed II's invasion of Wallachia in June of the same year.
They provide a detailed narration of the conflicts between Vlad and the Transylvanian Saxons, showing that they originated 'in the literary minds of the Saxons'. The stories about Vlad's plundering raids in Transylvania were clearly based on an eyewitness account, because they contain accurate details (including the lists of the churches destroyed by Vlad and the dates of the raids). They describe Vlad as a 'demented psychopath, a sadist, a gruesome murderer, a masochist', worse than.
However, the stories emphasizing Vlad's cruelty are to be treated with caution because his brutal acts were very probably exaggerated (or even invented) by the Saxons. The invention of printing contributed to the popularity of the stories about Vlad, making them one of the first 'bestsellers' in Europe. To enhance sales, they were published in books with on their title pages that depicted horrific scenes.
For instance, the editions published in in 1499 and in in 1500 depict Vlad dining at a table surrounded by dead or dying people on poles. Vlad had a big copper cauldron built and put a lid made of wood with holes in it on top. He put the people in the cauldron and put their heads in the holes and fastened them there; then he filled it with water and set a fire under it and let the people cry their eyes out until they were boiled to death.
And then he invented frightening, terrible, unheard of tortures. He ordered that women be impaled together with their suckling babies on the same stake. The babies fought for their lives at their mother's breasts until they died. Then he had the women's breasts cut off and put the babies inside headfirst; thus he had them impaled together.
—: The Third Letter In the early 1860s, the painter depicted the meeting of Vlad and the Ottoman envoys, showing the envoys' fear of the Wallachian ruler. Since the middle of the 19th century, Romanian historians have treated Vlad as one of the greatest Romanian rulers, emphasizing his fight for the independence of the Romanian lands. Even Vlad's acts of cruelty were often represented as rational acts serving. Was one of the first historians to emphasize that Vlad could only stop the internal fights of the boyar parties through his acts of terror.
Remarked, 'The tortures and executions which Vlad ordered were not out of caprice, but always had a reason, and very often a reason of state.' Ioan Bogdan was one of the few Romanian historians who did not accept this heroic image. In his work published in 1896, Vlad Țepeș and the German and Russian Narratives, he concluded that the Romanians should be ashamed of Vlad, instead of presenting him as 'a model of courage and patriotism'. According to an opinion poll conducted in 1999, 4.1% of the participants chose Vlad the Impaler as one of 'the most important historical personalities who have influenced the destiny of the Romanians for the better'. Vampire mythology.
Livingstone, David (2011). Jerome, Idaho: Progressive Press. Retrieved 21 November 2017., pp. 39, 46., p. 58 (note 69)., pp. 53–54., pp. 54, 60., pp. 74–77., pp. 78–79., pp. 95–96., pp. 98–99., pp. 100–101., pp. 101–102., pp. 82, 103., pp. 103–104., pp. 106, 109., pp. 108–110., pp. 94–95., pp. 118–119. ^, pp. 203–204.: The Histories (Book 9, chapter 90), p., pp. 130–132.: The Histories (Book 9, chapter 101), p. 387.: The Histories (Book 9, chapter 104), p. 393., pp. 205–206., pp. 157–158.: The Histories (Book 10, chapter 1), p. 401., pp. 155–156., pp. 147, 151., pp. 135–149. Dickens, David B.; (2003).
Michel Beheim, German Meistergesang, and Dracula. Journal of Dracula Studies, Number 5., “Dracula’s Art of War: A Martial Portrait of Vlad III Tepes,” Kungfu, Nov 2000: 18-19, 58-59. Whitford, David, Tyranny and Resistance: The Magdeburg Confession and the Lutheran Tradition, 2001, 144 pages. of Canada Free Press, August 4, 2014, parts II. Magdeburg Confession and III. Doctrine of Lesser Magistrates. ^, p. 203., pp. 153, 160–161., pp. 155, 167.
Perrie, Maureen (1987). The image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian folklore.
Cambridge University Press. Michael Arntfield, Springer, 2016, Gothic Forensics: Criminal Investigative Procedure in Victorian Horror & Mystery, p.
109. Henry F. Carey, Lexington Books, 2004, Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society, p.
87. ^, p. 158., pp. 217–218., pp. 219–220., pp. 229–230., pp. 85, 161. Sources Primary sources. Vlad the Impaler: In Search of the Real Dracula.
The History Press. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Russian manuscript circa 1490, with English translation. Marek, Miroslav.
Miller, Elizabeth (2005). Vlad the Impaler. Retrieved 16 Feb 2015.
Anset, Kat (23 Nov 2011). The Good, the Bad, and the Monstrous. Retrieved 16 Feb 2015. Lallanilla, Marc (24 October 2014). Retrieved 26 July 2016.
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